ratio of x and y chromosomes in sperm

In accordance, epidemiological investigation in humans revealed relatively higher incidence of anemia (Malhotra et al., 2004; Alvarez-Uria et al., 2014), Alzheimers disease (Vina and Lloret, 2010), Huntingtons disease (Panas et al., 2011), and trypanosoma (Pepin et al., 2002) in women. Domest. Nanoscale Differences in the Shape and Size of X and Y Chromosome Hum. Hum. Am. Exposure of mice spermatozoa to TCDD in vitro also decreased the viability of Y spermatozoa (You et al., 2018), by potentially altering the embryonic male to female ratio. Hum. J. Urol. Human X spermatozoa comprises 2.8% more genetic material (DNA) than Y spermatozoa; this difference is 34.2% between the X and Y spermatozoa of domestic livestock (Hendriksen et al., 1996). doi: 10.1038/253352a0, Flaherty, S. P., and Matthews, C. D. (1996). (1976). doi: 10.1039/c3mb70306a, Diasio, R. B., and Glass, R. H. (1971). Enrichment of bovine X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm with monoclonal H-Y antibody-fluorescence-activated cell sorter. Environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and p,p-DDE and sperm sex-chromosome disomy. (1993). Eventually, by the process of several mitotic cell divisions, type Al spermatogonia become type B spermatogonia (Leblond and Clermont, 1952; Oakberg, 1956). Steril. doi: 10.1002/j.1879-3479.1970.tb00029.x, Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., and Jemal, A. Fertil. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000398, Utsumi, K., Hayashi, M., Takakura, R., Utaka, K., and Iritani, A. Nuclear morphology of human spermatozoa. Genet. 125, 238245. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the percentage of presumptive zygotes between the control and the X-sperm sorted group, but there was a difference in early cleaving embryos with there being 81.2 1.4%, 78.3 1.0%, and 66.7 1.1% for the control, X-sperm sorted, and Y-sperm sorted groups, respectively. Effects of modification of in vitro fertilization techniques on the sex ratio of the resultant bovine embryos. Determination of sex ratio of spermatozoa with a deoxyribonucleic acid-probe and quinacrine staining: a comparison. Ser. This shift was four times more pronounced in X sperm than in Y sperm, especially after the initial transition from stationary fluid to flow. Effects of pH on the migration of X and Y sperm. (1981). An equilibrium is required between the pH of the medium/female reproductive tract and intracellular pH of spermatozoa for successful fertilization (Blomqvist et al., 2006). Curr. 50, 323327. Literature searches indicated that limited studies have been performed to evaluate the proteomic blueprint of X and Y spermatozoa to date. 14, 190199. Cytometry 35, 125128. BMC Genomics 15:293. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-293, Alvarez-Uria, G., Naik, P. K., Midde, M., Yalla, P. S., and Pakam, R. (2014). Health Perspect. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)45986-8, Quinlivan, W. L., and Sullivan, H. (1974). Mammalian spermatozoa are immotile in the testis and become motile in response to several external factors that are initiated during their transfer through the epididymis. 9, 12651270. Res. Hum. (1997) reported significantly higher errors in chromosomes X and Y than in chromosome 18 (autosome) in spermatozoa of azoospermic patients. Apart from the debate, it has been reported that an active gene transcription occurs selectively in the chromosomes (including sex chromosomes) of haploid round spermatids (Hu and Namekawa, 2015). doi: 10.1007/bf00274750, Martin, R. H., Rademaker, A. W., and Leonard, N. J. Reproduction 147, S1S11. Fertil. Relationship between the maturational state of oocytes at the time of insemination and sex ratio of subsequent early bovine embryos. Moreover, they demonstrated that female mice mated with male mice that were exposed to scrotal heat stress on the day of mating produce more female pups. J. Exp. Prenatal testing in ICSI pregnancies: incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 1586 karyotypes and relation to sperm parameters. B. Jr., and Legator, M. S. (1988). Reprod. (2018). Limited studies have supported this preliminary hypothesis. Sexing of human sperm by discontinuous Percoll density gradient and its clinical application. Reprod. Figure 1. . doi: 10.1002/mrd.20022, Song, W. H., Mohamed, E. A., Pang, W. K., Kang, K. H., Ryu, D. Y., Rahman, M. S., et al. Size differences between human X and Y spermatozoa and prefertilization diagnosis. The discrepancy in these results, from the early and recent studies, is presumably due to relatively non-specific methods used by the early investigators to differentiate between the X and Y spermatozoa (Hossain et al., 2001). During this journey, the morphology and chemotaxis of spermatozoa and ionic factors, protein phosphorylation (especially tyrosine), ATP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, protein kinase-A (PKA), enzymatic factors, seminal plasma factors, and calcium ions present in spermatozoa play a dynamic role in keeping the spermatozoa motile (Kwon et al., 2014b; Rahman et al., 2017b, 2018). Reprod. The ratio of X- and Y-bearing sperm in ejaculates of men with three or more children of the same sex A preponderance of either sons or daughters in a family cannot be explained simply by an altered ratio of X-bearing and Y-bearing sperm in the father's semen. Cell. 58, 384386. (1993) reported higher incidence of disomy in the Y chromosome (YY, 0.11%) than that in the X chromosome (XX, 0.08%). Cui, K. H., and Matthews, C. D. (1993). 85, 615623. Sci. Toxicol. doi: 10.1093/molehr/2.12.937, Garry, V. F., Harkins, M. E., Erickson, L. L., Long-Simpson, L. K., Holland, S. E., and Burroughs, B. L. (2002). Some of these genes (particularly receptors) are also shown to be related to the growth, survivability, and functions of specific sperm types (Umehara et al., 2019). doi: 10.1093/hmg/2.11.1929. Of the 23 chromosomes in human spermatozoa, chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X, and Y are important because higher incidence of abnormalities in these chromosomes can to lead miscarriages or live births (Pang et al., 1999, 2005, 2010; Rubio et al., 2001). Genetics of the human Y chromosome and its association with male infertility. J. Nevertheless, this finding was also proven to be imprecise by other contemporaries (Curtsinger et al., 1983; Martin et al., 1995a, b). MR drafted the manuscript and prepared the artworks. Clin. Reprod. Y/X-Chromosome-Bearing Sperm Shows Elevated Ratio in the Left but Not Genet. *Correspondence: Myung-Geol Pang, mgpang@cau.ac.kr, Editors Pick 2021: Highlights in Cell Growth and Division, View all (2012). An intensive literature search produced three major findings on the ratio of X and Y spermatozoa: (1) proportion of X spermatozoa was higher than that of Y spermatozoa (Martin et al., 1983; Bibbins et al., 1988), (2) proportion of Y spermatozoa was higher than that of X spermatozoa (Landrum and Shettles, 1960; Shettles, 1960; Quinlivan and Sullivan, 1974), and (3) no difference existed in the proportion of the two sperm types (Van Kooij and Van Oost, 1992; Goldman et al., 1993; Han et al., 1993a). (2018). Similarly, abundant proteins in Y spermatozoa, that is TUBA8 and GSTM3, were found to be associated with hepatic cancer and renal cancer, respectively, and the prevalence of both diseases were reported to be high in men compared to the women (Woldrich et al., 2008; Wu et al., 2018). Studies have shown that the pH of the vagina during the course of fertilization may influence the migration of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa and thus leading to skewness in the sex of the offspring. 16, 20842092. N. Y. Acad. Sex chromosome | Definition, Examples, & Facts | Britannica Another major drawback of this hypothesis is that minor proteomic alterations (<2-fold) between X and Y spermatozoa may not necessarily display any significant differences in protein expression in the resulting offspring, and thus could predispose alternative sconclusion. Interestingly, the same study also reported higher sex chromosome aneuploidy, however, the aneuploidy was observed in the entire sperm pellet (Pfeffer et al., 1999). Biophys. During spermatogenesis, undifferentiated spermatogonia (stem cells) transform into type A l spermatogonia (differentiated cells). Difference in volume of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing bovine sperm heads matches difference in DNA content. Advancements in mammalian X and Y sperm differences and sex control Recent studies have reported that exposure to certain EDs and pesticides induce sex chromosome abnormalities in spermatozoa (Smith et al., 2004; Xia et al., 2005; Perry, 2008). This indicates that the oocyte might also regulate an identical mechanism for reorganizing the different spermatozoa. 198, 121128. 40, 4347. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)38224-3, Dominko, T., and First, N. L. (1997). Hum. All article types such as original articles, reviews, letter to the editor, editorials, opinions, and debates were included in the review. X chromosomes making only Y-bearing sperm avail-able to fertilize the wild-type females' oocytes [4,5]. Reprod. As X and Y spermatozoa differ in their genetic content, their response to stress may differs. Sex ratio in normal and disomic sperm: evidence that the extra chromosome 21 preferentially segregates with the Y chromosome. The figure particularly displays the existence of intercellular bridges among spermatogenic cells. 17, 4756. (1984) reported that human X spermatozoa move slower (angular velocity decrease) than Y spermatozoa in the flow stream, however, the movement of both cells are similar in the stationary fluid. Benet, J., Genesca, A., Navarro, J., Egozcue, J., and Templado, C. (1992). 55, 6974. Alminana et al. 48, 310316. (2014) found that 15 and 2 proteins were upregulated in X and Y spermatozoa, respectively. Effect of highly bioaccumulated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on estrogen and androgen receptor activity. Mol. Cancer Genet. 110, A699A701. To err (meiotically) is human: the genesis of human aneuploidy. Fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa deposited into the fallopian tubes. Spermatozoa are the first cells that presented stress response (Gharagozloo and Aitken, 2011). Proc. De Canio, M., Soggiu, A., Piras, C., Bonizzi, L., Galli, A., Urbani, A., et al. Genet. Differential binding of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing human spermatozoa to zona pellucida in vitro. In a recent study, Umehara et al. Cytogenet. 34, 2532. 265, 42274232. Fertil. Ruder, A. doi: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00061-7, Egozcue, J., Blanco, J., and Vidal, F. (1997). Despite the immense advancement in the field of developmental biology research, the basic idea of the spermatozoal structure remains unclear. J. Hum. Biol. The ratio of X- and Y-bearing sperm in ejaculates of men with three or Embryo sex selection by a rat male-specific antibody and the cytogenetic and developmental confirmation in cattle embryos. In another recent study, Scott et al. Because ions and molecules (including genes and proteins) readily pass through these intercellular bridges, each cell containing either X or Y chromosome are matured synchronously (Braun et al., 1989; Jasin and Zalamea, 1992). doi: 10.1002/mrd.1080340311, Hassanane, M., Kovacs, A., Laurent, P., Lindblad, K., and Gustavsson, I. Reprod. Johnson, L. (1994). Infertil. (1996). Obstet. Sills et al. Thus, the difference in the size of X and Y spermatozoa may be due to the variations between X and Y chromosomes. Functional and proteomic alterations of F1 capacitated spermatozoa of adult mice following gestational exposure to bisphenol A. J. Proteome Res. doi: 10.1126/science.959826, Kruger, A. N., Brogley, M. A., Huizinga, J. L., Kidd, J. M., de Rooij, D. G., Hu, Y. C., et al. A rapid TRIzol-based two-step method for DNA-free RNA extraction from Arabidopsis siliques and dry seeds. College of Medicine Phoenix, University of Arizona, United States, Instituto Nacional de Investigacin y Tecnologa Agroalimentaria (INIA), Spain. 60, 10461051. Prevalence of anemia in adult rural population of north India. A spermatozoa carrying a Science 308, 14661469. Several previous studies from 1970 to 1980 suggested that paternal age differentially affected the ratio of X and Y spermatozoa, thus altering the secondary sex ratio of the offspring in a particular population (Erickson, 1976; James and Rostron, 1985; Ruder, 1985). Epididymal expression of the forkhead transcription factor Foxi1 is required for male fertility. doi: 10.1016/s0300-483x(00)00368-1, Brandriff, B. F., Gordon, L. A., Haendel, S., Singer, S., Moore, D. H. II, and Gledhill, B. L. (1986). doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.09.002. J. Reprod.

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