tamaki makaurau legend

Others expanded it to include greater Auckland. By 1840, many chieftains and elders knew the European concept of land alienation, especially within the northern tribes. [] I went up to the Northern Club to which Rewi had been driven, and found him sitting in the lobby. Hobson knew the Bay of Islands from his earlier visit in 1837. With Hongi Hika and Waikato, another Ngpuhi chieftain, he travelled to England in 1820 on a returning whaling ship. This is the opposite of best ethnological practice and creates confusion. Primarily, he is remembered for a specific prophesy he made during a meeting at kahu, which occurred about 1780. In his letter of 21 September, Symonds planned to visit Motukorea, tomorrow, intending to raise the British Flag. [1] [2] Ownership and management Even though his wife, Mary, inherited, the Mori considered all rights granted by them to be extinguished. We need state courts to hear and judge civil pleas of complaint requiring remedy. In his writings he described Waikato taniwha rau, equating them all with the mythical beast, intended in a complimentary fashion. #2). tene Pora (ca.18701930) was senior in the Ngti Whtua, a lay reader in the Anglican church. Primarily, they performed catechism, oral teaching of the lessons, and meaning of scripture and Bible study. [cxxxviii] Another perceived threat was the Ngti Poa, who S. Percy Smith reports, attacked and drove them out of Tmaki 18 years earlier. Graham, Te Aotea (Great Barrier Island) The Happenings There, Leading to the Last Intertribal Wars of Hauraki, J Polynesian Soc. He was not referring to Fairburns purchase or any other. On 5 September 1903, some 24 years after Maniapotos visit, another pseudonymous Herald correspondent, Vindex, relates the same occasion in A Historic Proverb, (Exh. They called the entire Hauraki Gulf, including all adjoining harbours from Cape Rodney to the Waihou River, simply Thames. While Kelly created a map of cultural significance, with only Mori place names, it is the product of modern amateur cartography. Wiremu (William) HenryToka (ca.18741935) describes two events in early 1841, on the occasion of their 92nd anniversary. From the founding, the settlement of Auckland proceeded in primitive conditions while more people regularly arrived. This event can be dated to 19, 20 or 21September, because it must have occurred after the Preliminaries Document, when Symonds paid Te Kawau 6 deposit for the site of Auckland. Tauroa was no stranger to the Land Courts, having also worked in the role of Assessor and previously claimed land at Pokeno. It was researched at the time. There has long been a movement in New Zealand academia and writers of popular history to de-legitimise the Crowns purchase of the site for Auckland, calling it a gift or treaty. While the transliteration of Akarana is valid and usable in te reo Mori, Simmons did not want that. Cowan refers to TMR in his own work, abstractly, as descriptive of Auckland, but he still calls it an old name consistent with his original position where TMR is the classical and ancient name, implying the Mori later shortened it to Tmaki. They used Tmaki a hundred times for the land of the isthmus, but not its proverb. There was also a disruption of sub-tribal social structures and drift to urbanisation. It helps define what is unique and distinctive about Auckland. [cviii] Stuart Park, Te Peeke o Aotearoa. Notably, only the usage by Craig has TMR clearly occurring as a place name substituted for Auckland. In July 1821, after his return, he was ready and armed. [cl] At the Land Court, in 1868, Rev. [xliv] At Pig Bay on the north side of nearby Motutapu (Sacred Island), the evidence of ancient occupation dates from 1400. The person of this land, said he, is Tamaki-makau-rau (Tamaki of the hundred spouses). This expression is applied to a woman who has many husbands, who remains with one now and then takes another. Orakei; A Ngati Whatua Community, (Wellington: NZ Council for Educational Research, 1975), 8, [ccxi] Report of The Waitangi Tribunal on The Orakei Claim (Wai-9), (1987), [ccxii] Stone, From Tamaki-Makau-Rau, 262, [ccxiii] Dandeson Coates, The New Zealanders and Their Lands. Between publishing two versions of the pamphlet, Simmons took the opportunity to slip in a mention of TMR, Waiohua tribe of Tamakimakaurau (now called Auckland) into his long-researched book The Great New Zealand Myth (1976:175). It is surprising, as he was one of the most well-travelled missionaries in the Hauraki and Northern Waikato districts during the late 1830s meeting many Mori elders. TeKanawa appears to have signed Te Tiriti o Waitangi twice: at Manukau in March 1840 and again at Kwhia, two months later. When Rewi alighted from the carriage the Mayor gave him a short address of welcome, which was translated to him. Before each finding is examined, they are divided into two categories of usage within which they occur: Mori society and ethnography on Mori culture. It is not possible to follow ethnography based on assumptions. Liking what they saw of that portion of the harbour, David Rough volunteered to remain behind for the night. This means not rewriting history, creating a pretend past in order to suit agendas of the present. The four Ngti Whtua rangitira at Tamaki all signed. The evidence presented in this article leads to a surprising and unexpected conclusion, which is thatTmaki Makaurauis not a Maori name, it is a European place name constructed in the 20thcentury fromTmaki makau rau, a whakatauk (proverb). He returned to Bay of Islands in the company of Te Reweti to bring the Governor. Mita Karaka Ngatipare (18391901) was a chieftain of the Ngti Tahinga, a tribe closely associated with the Ngti Te Ata. To validate Smith, they have sought a gap in the timeline of events in 1840. Maungakiekie, for the volcanic cone, within the suburb of One Tree Hill, is together a successful multicultural fusion. However, they were to be disappointed. The well-known love story of Pongi and Puhihuia was first written by John White, the government-funded recorder of Mori ethnography in the 1870s. The likely explanation is the missionaries confusing its extent, and the chieftains could preserve mana when yielding up their claims by calling it Tmaki, knowing it wasnt. Kendall arrived in New Zealand in May 1814, whereupon he learned the Mori language and the following year produced the first book written in Mori, published in Sydney. In connection with Tmaki makau rau, Davis heard Hri Tauroa use it in 1868 and fetched the 104-year-old Patuone to court on the following day when he mentioned Te Kanawas speech. In 1929, he expanded the extent of TMR far beyond the isthmus, misleading Leslie Kelly. There were once p situated on almost all the maunga of Tmaki Makaurau - like sentinels looking down over the landscape - giving inhabitants access to rich volcanic soils and providing. In the first decade of the 20th century New Zealand, railways were the principal mode of long-distance land transport. ]E tikina atu e au te kotiu, [If I bring from the north,]Koia te pou whakairo [The handsome carved post]Ka tu ki Waitemata [And place it here in Waitemata]I aku wairangi e. [My dream will be fulfilled.]. When advancing, Hongi got his foot jammed between two stakes of a palisade and had to protect himself, brandishing handguns until his men arrived to rescue him. Displaced tribes were at first helped and tolerated in the Waikato and Hauraki regions, but after many years, smaller conflicts resulted when hosts tired of their presence. A later sale included Onehunga. Start your 7-day free trial to receive access to high fidelity premium pronunciations. The mark of x Kawau. He did not live to see it achieved, but he has caused other academics, such as C. K. Stead, to think it is correct and desirable. One settler who knew the area was William Cornwallis Symonds (18101841), previously, a British army officer of the 96th Regiment. Fortunately, there are at least four historical references from authoritative sources about a memorable speech he made at the thuhu peacemaking. While he foresaw the Mori also benefiting from the laws of the land, he knew it would take time and there could only be an economic relationship between the Mori and the Colonial Government. The sign of a healthy society is where each culture recognises and respects the contributions made by other cultures, building a greater whole than any single culture could alone. Government, 1877-1883), No.2, 147, [clxvi] Turton Epitome, Encl. Later, he offered gifts and tobacco to any Mori who could prove him wrong in his use of Mori words and wanted to be taught six unfamiliar words a day. In January 1929, he publishes his article Maori Life in the Municipal Record, which is a dramatic volte-face: TAMAKI-MAKAU-RAUsuch is the a[n]cient Maori name of this Isthmus of Auckland and its surrounding district. Tmaki Makaurau | New Zealand Government - Govt.nz [lxxiii] As he was from the Ngti Tahinga, he may have attended first at Port Waikato, then Te Khanga. Kitahi Te Taniwha died two and half years later, but at least he went knowing all he could of the past. The Fern mentioned is bracken, about a metre tall, which has an edible root, but a terribly invasive plant. [cxiv] For research on this work, he travelled the length of New Zealand by train. Mercutio consulted him on Maniapotos use of the phrase in 1879. This is the bow of our canoe Aotearoa, this isTamakimakaurau, this is the shore and land where our ancestors have settled for ages, and where Queen Victoria and her Governors have stood for our protection up to this time, the reign of our most gracious King George. Simmons explanation of the meaning behind carved figure-work on its paepae (horizontal side panel) is subject to further corrections by Binney, after which she observes: It would appear from the evidence that Simmons has fed Te Riria the already unreliable statements of Kendall, and they are, in turn, being handed back to us as tradition. Prior to 1900, the only academic reference to Tmaki makau rau is the explanation Charles Davis made in 1882, published in the newspapers. Although others have explored and rebutted such arguments elsewhere, we investigate them here. [cxi] So, Cowan read the article and was perfectly aware that Smith considered Waikato tamioha rau to be whakatauk or proverbial, not to be considered another name for Waikato, or in any sense that it is an ancient, classical or old name. The Phema whnau of the Ngti Whtua o rkei, have a manuscript (No. Governor Hobson knew that by executing instructions of the Colonial Office at London, in an irreproachable manner, he was creating a meritocracy at Auckland. The Mori also considered the Waitemata islands of Rangitoto, Motutapu, Motuihe, Motukorea, Rakino, Motohoropapa and Otata within Tamaki. In 1863, they both requested he protect Waiuku during hostilities between the Crown and Kingitanga. Hobsons instruction to hoist the British Flag was to make clear to Webster and his partners Jeremiah Nagle and William Abercrombie, that their pre-Treaty claims were now subject to a grant by the Crown under the Treaty of Waitangi. These ethnologists show bias from complete immersion, while also being shallow of academic integrity. Mori culture was nowhere near dying in the late 1800s, yet, whileTmaki makau rauexisted within oral tradition, it is so rare that it may have been close to fading out of usage and lost. [Before Chief Judge Fenton and Henare te Pukuatua. [xxii]. The Ng Mana Whenua o Tmaki Makaurau area of interest There are 13 iwi/hap with historical Treaty claims in Tmaki Makaurau whose shared interests are being addressed through a collective redress deed. The volcanic mounds made admirable sites for pas they had here abundant fish of all kinds. The Christian companions of Henry Williams were visiting the mission at Paihia, and it was coincidence Hobson arrived while they were present. Yet, in one article she proves to have more integrity about Mori history, in her little finger, than the collective body of the Scholars of Ethnography. Mita Karaka shows off his knowledge of whakatauk in his allusive speech of March 1899 at Waahi Marae, (Exh. Initially, Symonds could do no more than make a deposit of 6, with the balance due when the governor arrived. They set it up to bring together educated Maoris [sic] in order to promote Mori history and culture and foster a better understanding in the Auckland public. Cowan never uses spouses again, preferring Davis lovers. Cementing an invented name for Auckland is damaging to all Aucklanders of all nationalities who care about their citys history. I forgot to add that all the Chiefs sat on chairs and that the most finished gentleman could not have behaved with greater propriety. The main text in the land deed, He Pukapuka Hoko Wenua, has hoko in three places as well as oti tonu atu, all clarifying the intent of the parties in the transaction. In the spirit of open-mindedness, Aucklanders deserve to see if there is a valid reason for changing the name of their city, which has been a settled matter for 180 years. [ii] Te reo Mori and the Tahitian language have diverged. Again, benignly looking at me in the face, and breaking into a smile which caused to curl up still higher the tattooed wave-line at the corners of his mouth, he repeated in the most mellifluous tone E hia te tara?. From the tribes of Tamaki of the hundred lovers and of Waitemata the sparkling waters. Graham, Some Taniwha and Tupua, J Polynesian Soc. She writes : These green terraces and hollows [of p] were once their ramparts and their trenches. How long after the first you came? hurrah! [] Here was the explanation of the little topsail schooner we had seen from the island [Motukorea] slipping in to Orakei Bay. While the transliteration Akarana is perfectly usable in te reo Mori, and in fact, Graham chose it for the Association, it is an outlier in the fundamental respect of its etymology. Telling the untold histories of Tmaki Makaurau [xvi]. Sarah is at the site of the future town, while the negotiators have returned to rkei by ship, hoping to get a favourable result after the previous days discussions. [cxii] Te Rangi Hiroa, Recording of Polynesian texts and proper names, J Polynesian Soc. We now have a confirmed researched understanding that Tmaki makau rau is a contracted metaphor or proverb, not a place name. [lxxxvi], In this quote from Graham, there is still inconsistency, but at least an advancing of his understanding about TMR. Compensation Court, (1879), Garrett, Helen. The Alexander Turnbull Library at Wellington records that Pei Te Hurinui Jones deposited a copy of the same map in 1938. Te Kanawa Te Ikatu (ca.1770ca.1860) made the earliest known spoken usage of makau rau in context with the land Tmaki. Henry Williams (17921867) was senior, after Marsden, the most influential of the CMS missionaries, arriving in late 1823 at the Bay of Islands. At the museum, council member and ornithologist, Arthur Pycroft, made mention of Fentons map, 60 years earlier, observing that Kelly had more names. The first is in March 1894, 15 years after the event: When Rewi visited Auckland after the war there was a large gathering at the railway station to meet him. When compared to other te reo Mori proper nouns, it stands out, especially on a map which represents the Mori landscape in pre-European times. There was no rain though it threatened frequently: the first day without showers at least, which we have had for some time, a good omen I hope for the prosperity of the new city which is to rise on this spot. I dont know that that was said for the purpose of deciding the ownership of the land. The raw material is a commentary and partial list of place names and meanings. [..], Now our presentation of a mere is not a meaningless gift. Then he weighed in on important social issues. The allusion made by him above of the ten husbands it was in reference to the number of times the land through war had changed owners but now it was brought to a close by its being united to a stranger, hence a kick with his left foot, which action is quite in agreement with native custom parting with anything of note. Rarotonga was then confined to the cone known as Mt Smart (perhaps the site of last stand?) Also useful are the letters of early missionaries and 19thcentury Land Court testimony. On 11September1840, Hobson handed a second letter to Symonds with orders specific to asserting Colonial Government authority over two land areas at the Thames: You are hereby directed to take possession of Autea in the name of Her Most Gracious Majesty and hoist the British Flag thereon, the same having been presented to Her Majesty by the Native Chiefs who owned it. In January 1838, the missionary William Wade visited and found the school to be exceptionally well run. The first was a re-reading of the proclamation of June 1839 when the Crown extended New South Wales to include New Zealand. Rewi stepped from the railway carriage, and looked around. [ccxiv]. [li] The number of Ngti Whtua occupying the Tmaki isthmus was never large, and they feared the worst. Between the Lines: the spirit behind land agreements, (School of Surveying, University of Otago, 2009), [cci] M. P. K. Sorenson. Tmaki Makaurau / Auckland has a rich historic heritage. In August, Clarke resigned from the CMS to join the government, reluctantly as he preferred to do missionary work, but realised the need for someone to be a guardian of the interests of the Mori. If New Zealand European culture has no value, then this country does not have a multicultural society. Yet, his popularising of TMR and promotion of it within New Zealand academia has become the largest and most egregious of his colonisation of Mori narratives. During 1862-65, when Smith was living in Auckland, his friend Te Reweti, gave him a history regarding the Ngti Whtua meeting with Hobson and welcoming him in 1841. Meanwhile, at that date, Hobson was half-paralysed in bed at the Bay of Islands, not taking general visitors until after mid-April when he returned to Paihia from Te Waimate. [lxvii] The principal Tmaki tribes naturally welcomed any powerful chieftain to renounce their tribal claim on Tmaki. Afterwards, he asked Henry Williams for a solution. Simmons books influenced many decision-makers, where an early result was in 1988 when the New Zealand Post Office announced its acceptance of Tamaki Makaurau with Akarana as alternatives to Auckland. The Auckland Council should stop using the fake name Tmaki makaurau, and take pride in the name of Auckland which generations of Aucklanders have known and used. [cxxxix], Te Kawau Te Tawa (ca.17901869) of Te Taou hap, was the senior chieftain and had a complex personality. Grahams research, manuscripts and personal papers are similarly prodigious, occupying 1.5 metres of shelving at the Library of the AI&M. Heritage reinforces our sense of history, belonging, identity and place. It was a Maori bargain, and he had been equal to the occasion indeed, when was he not? Once established as perceived wisdom in academia, it has filtered through quasi-governmental organisations such as the Waitangi Tribunal, then spilled into the greater public domain, including todays Mori culture. He seized the revelation that TMR was an ancient name for the Tmaki isthmus, devoting much text to it. Tamaki, Present and Past (Part II) appeared on 16October 1901. Why? N. Teata were at Awhitu. However, he also has a minor legend at lower right which reads Map of the Tamaki Isthmus with Maori place names. In July 1874, he opened a trading company and store at the newly built Raglan wharf. James Cowan was unhappy. Adkin has the Tamaki River identified but chose not to use Tamaki for the isthmus. He also uses it in his first major ethnographic work The Maoris of New Zealand (1910). Graham also used this spelling in 1932. ), (Christchurch: K. Darroch 2009), [xxxvi] The Battle-Cruiser. Dominion, 3 May 1913, 6 (Papers Past), [xxxvii] Hirini Moko Mead and Neil Grove, Ng Pepeha a ng Tipuna: The Sayings of the Ancestors (Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2001), 9, [xxxviii] He Pepeha, He Whakatauki No Taitokerau, (Whangarei: Department of Maori Affairs, Government Printing Office. So deeply was Nelson steeped in Maori priestly lore, that many Maoris regarded him as a real tohunga. [xxix] Nelson also worked as an interpreter at the Land Courts. Eleven days later Hobson sailed into the Bay of Islands aboard HMS Herald. Hobson met Symonds on 18 February 1840 when Captain Nias of HMS Herald invited him to join their voyage to the Thames after the signing of the treaty. [xxxviii], Clearly, care is required to distinguish usage of a proverb from the place name itself or confusion results. [lxvi] He transacted with the Ngti Whtua at the Northern Manukau, on 11 January 1836 for south-western Tmaki and Waitakere. #2). (Note: it is possible to see how teeming they once were, and how depleted our modern oceans are, by visiting the spectacular Goat Island Marine Reserve at a calm tide). By 1925, Graham had learned much more by interviewing many Mori elders, born in the 1800s. Hence this was a whenua-tamaki (a contested land) and was likened unto a beautiful girl who had a hundred lovers (makau-rau). They did not get along so well so to avoid trouble they lived apart. As a young man, he took a walking trip along the Waikato River, and observed that every bend held a village with a chieftain. Finally, a second Mori welcome at Auckland, published on 2May1913, makes mention of TMR. Tribal history and places - Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand She uses specific twice to emphasise the isthmus and ignores all the contradictory writings by Simmons, where he asserts TMR applies to greater Auckland. Smith does not provide any supporting contemporary sources for his history. The Ngti Whtuaiwi comprised the three hap, Te Taou, Ng Oho and Te Uringutu. In 1927, Graham became embroiled in a long series of letters to the editor of the Herald about rates assessments for Mori land. It is described as Orakei to Manukau but is west Tamaki, Te Atatu to Manukau Road. Volume 47, No. he said, which word was chorused from a dozen voices all around. Twelve days later, Felton and his wife, Sarah, working as his assistant, sailed southwards on theRevenue Cutter Ranger. Despite the turmoil of many petty disputes at the young town, his death brought everyone together on a sombre occasion. In English, the meaning of proverb is a wise saying of concise cultural wisdom conveying a common-sense truth or fact: The enemy of my enemy is my friend. James Cowan lived at rkau, southwest of Cambridge in central Waikato. Brevity does not unmake the proverb. He must have visited George Graham and the Ngti Whtua when back in Auckland and seen their welcome to the new Governor-General, Lord Plunkett, in 1904. The insight which Te Waharoa shows is the impermanence of such goods compared to the permanence of land. The blankets will wear out, the axes will be broken after cutting down a few trees, and the iron pots will be cracked by the heat of the fire. Many of the terraces excavated had been used to store kumara in rectangular roofed pits. Ethnographic cartography, where Mori place names have primacy, shows how many British and European place names are replacements for pre-existing Mori names. A year or two later she moved to Auckland. Willoughby Shortland charged him with taking the Manukau-Kwhia treaty sheet to the mission stations of James Hamlin at rua, and Rev. Auckland University College, A. H. and A. W. Reed, Dunedin and Wellington, (1940), Ryburn, H.J. It is when Captain Symonds travelled with the Manukau-Kwhia Sheet of Te Tiriti o Waitangi, bringing it to Hobson. They retold his metaphorical speech in their oral krero until, at least 20 years later, they coined the shortened form Tamaki makau rau. This scoping report draws attention to youth homelessness in Tmaki Makaurau, Aotearoa New Zealand, and has been prepared for Manaaki Rangatahi ki Tmaki Makaurau Youth Homelessness Collective. Maori Place Names, Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 16 (1979): 1-10. Its western edge is the Whau portage, by Te Atatu on the Waitemata, to Karaka (Green Bay) on the Manukau. It covered the Auckland district and presumably, similar maps aided other title investigations. Some modern historians argue tuku whenua was universal until at least 1840. The Mori of 1840 differed from those of 1815, as they had learned fast about products and ideas in the modern world. Tamaki-makaurau : myths and legends of Auckland landmarks [ccxix] The city of Auckland today is his enduring memorial. The number assembled on this occasion was but small & I should not have mentioned it had it not been the first scene of the kind I ever witnessed. [cx] He included Waikato tamioha rau or Waikato of the hundred heroes, or great ones. For completeness, the events at the founding and naming of Auckland must be reviewed, including the transaction for original site. Because T.H. Toka is about Hobsons first visit to the Ngti Whtua at rkei and kahu: On March 14, Hobson arrived in the Waitemata, and met the chief Apihai te Kawau at the foreshore of Okahu, now known as the Orakei Maori reserve.

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