what factors influence the timing of puberty

Body mass index and timing of pubertal initiation in boys. Radloff L.S. Nutritional Determinants of the Timing of Puberty | Annual Review of Although the roots of many mental and physical health disorders begin in adolescence, surprisingly few studies have examined the longevity of pubertal timing effects. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R. Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Self-reported age at menarche served as a proxy for maturational timing for girls. The existence of genetic heterogeneity is supported by several large genome-wide association studies, with nearly 400 loci associated with timing of menarche to date, explaining approximately 7.4% of the population variance.7. There are five stages of puberty for boys. Mutations in the pubertal brake gene MKRN3,8 and more rarely in the kisspeptin gene KISS1 and DLK1, highlight the importance of upstream control of GnRH secretion in the pathogenesis of CPP. A total of 10 imputations were used to obtain final estimates. Berrington A., Pattaro S. Educational differences in fertility desires, intentions and behaviour: A life course perspective. This latter measure has important developmental significance given that youth compare themselves to others (e.g., friends, schoolmates, siblings, media personalities) in order to make sense of who they are and develop a self-concept (Blanton, 2001; Festinger, 1954). The general analytic strategy was to investigate a series of ordinary least-squares regression models to assess the association between pubertal timing and adolescent (Wave I) outcomes, and separately, young adult (Wave IV) outcomes. 3. Growing up fast: Stress exposure and subjective weathering in emerging adulthood. What causes normal puberty, precocious puberty, & delayed - NICHD Participants' responses were summed at Waves I (=.78) and IV (=.62). The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. THE ROLE OF PUBERTY IN ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT - ResearchGate Normal puberty is the body's natural process of sexual maturation. Pubertal timing, sequence and tempo are among the three characteristics that in uence the. Puberty timing influenced by both parents | Reuters At puberty, a co-ordinated array of signals allows the reactivation of the axis after this mid-childhood period of dormancy. Historical records reveal a secular trend toward earlier onset of puberty in both males and females, often attributed to improvements in nutrition and health status. 4 The evidence for this dual influence is growing rapidly. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention. The evolution of fertility expectations over the life course. It is also possible that the antecedents of early puberty, rather than pubertal timing itself, underlie the relationship between pubertal timing and young adult health. Results from the current study suggest that girls who experience earlier puberty (measured by menarche or peer-relative perceptions) generally continued to report poor psychological, behavioral, and physical health outcomes in young adulthood, even after accounting for demographic, social, and contextual predictors of poor health. There are many benefits to using a nationally representative dataset such as Add Health, but there are also several challenges and limitations. The lumbar spine bone mineral mass doubles from 9 to 15 years and from 11 to 17 years in females and males, respectively. What controls the timing of puberty? An update on progress - PubMed Despite secular trends in the declining age of pubertal onset shifting into primary schools for girls (e.g., White and Asian girls usually start to show secondary sex characteristics by ages 9 or 10; and Black and Hispanic girls typically start developing a year or two earlier) (Lee & Styne, 2013; Parent et al., 2003), puberty education typically does not occur until middle or high school (often in combination with sexual education), if it is taught at all (Brener et al., 2012; Herbert et al., 2017). Caspi A., Moffitt T. Individual differences are accentuated during periods of social change: The sample case of girls at puberty. Until recently, it had not been clearly shown that late pubertal timing is also associated with adverse health outcomes, but data from the UK Biobank study from both genders have demonstrated that delayed puberty also has profound impacts on health in later life.9. Graber J.A., Lewinsohn P.M., Seeley J.R., Brooks-Gunn J. These trends are less apparent in boys. Only a few puberty studies have used assessments with multiple outcomes to examine the contribution of pubertal timing to health both concurrently and over time to test these competing hypotheses and they have had mixed results. government site. These changes may signal to adults or friends that youth are now emerging adults, despite being the same chronological age as their peers and classmates (who have more child-like appearances). aApplied Developmental Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, NY, USA, bSociology & Computational Social Science Institute, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA. Next, we examined these longitudinal models controlling for baseline levels of psychosocial well-being, health behaviors, and physical health (while still controlling for demographic characteristics, including SES and family context). Variation in the Timing of Puberty: Clinical Spectrum and Genetic Responses to the activities were summed (Simpkins, Schaefer, Price, & Vest, 2013). There are many factors that influence industrial design. 2; Panel 2a) was associated with more depressive symptoms, less sleep, worse self-reported health, and higher BMI. 20. Measures of the family environment included family socioeconomic status (SES) measured by approximate years of parents education and whether or not their family received public aid as well as parental marital status (married, single parent, widowed, divorced, separated) and father absence (father present, father left when participant was 05 years, father left when aged 613 years). Hertzman C., Boyce T. How experience gets under the skin to create gradients in developmental health. Natsuaki M.N., Biehl M.C., Ge X. Certainly environmental and metabolic factors are critical regulators of the HPG axis and the timing of puberty, but their influence is superimposed on significant genetic control. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The social meaning of differential physical and sexual maturation. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.The authors thank Drs. The study of adolescence in general, and puberty in particular, is challenging as a result of their complexity. All independent variables, strata, sampling weights, and the outcome variable were used as predictors in the imputation process (Allison, 2000). In: Adelson J., editor. Additionally, our measures of physical development fail to capture the extent and tempo of the diverse morphological changes that occur during puberty for both boys and girls. 1, Fig. In Wave IV, physical activity was assessed by the frequency of participation in seven activities in the past week: skating/biking, snowboard/racquet/aerobics, team sports, individual sports, gymnastics/weights/strength training, golfing/fishing/baseball, and walking. We examined psychological (depressive symptoms, antisocial behavior), behavioral (number of sex partners, drug use, physical activity, screen time, sleep hours), and physical health (self-reported health, BMI) outcomes during adolescence and young adulthood in a series of sex-stratified regression analyses using survey weights and a comprehensive set of sociodemographic covariates. We examined a number of variables known to be associated with pubertal timing at Wave I (e.g., race/ethnicity, adolescent BMI, family stress), but we do not have early childhood covariates to explore. My coauthors and I do not have any conflicts of interest to disclose. Table 2 provides a visual summary of statistically significant coefficients across all models. Approximately 40% of peak bone mass is acquired between Tanner stages II and V and the rate of acquisition is particularly high between stage III and stage IV. Is psychopathology associated with the timing of pubertal development? What factors influence timing of menopause? - The Boston Globe Mean peer-relative timing was between I look about average (3) and I look older than some (4) for both girls (M=3.30, SD=1.10) and boys (M=3.80, SD=1.15). Standardized regression coefficients and 95% CIs for young adult health outcomes controlling for baseline sociodemographic characteristics. 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However, ghrelin, neuropeptide Y and many other signalling pathways are likely to be important in the nutritional control of pubertal timing. In: Moskowitz G.B., editor. We also expand on these findings in several important ways. Publication types Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Review MeSH terms Adolescent Despite sex differences in how pre-pubertal BMI plays a role in pubertal timing, earlier pubertal onset could increase risk for higher BMI over time for both boys and girls via several psychological and behavioral pathways, including disordered eating behaviors, insufficient sleep, and stress associated with early body transformation. Trajectories of depressed mood from early adolescence to young adulthood: The effects of pubertal timing and adolescent dating. White R.M.B., Deardorff J., Liu Y., Gonzales N.A. Clausen J.A. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Before A young person who begins puberty early and also perceives him/herself as more physically advanced than their peers may have different psychological and behavioral outcomes than an early maturing youth who perceives their maturation as less advanced compared to their peers. Research from Add Health found that early menarche was associated with depressive symptoms and antisocial behaviors during adolescence with enduring (but not increasing) effects into young adulthood (Mendle, Ryan, & McKone, 2018). Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. There is also some evidence that late timing is associated with depressive symptoms in boys (Conley & Rudolph, 2009)(Graber, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Brooks-Gunn, 1998) or that both very early and very late (i.e., off-time) puberty are associated with worse mental health (Weichold, Silbereisen, & Schmitt-Rodermund, 2003). One study that examined nonlinear effects of pubertal timing on depressive symptoms between ages of 12 and 23 years in Add Health, found that both early and late maturing girls (and boys) were at risk of experiencing elevated depressive symptoms during early adolescence (Natsuaki, Biehl, & Ge, 2009). Growth patterns and the risk of breast cancer in women. Puberty is a crucial time in bone mineral mass development. Biro F.M., Khoury P., Morrison J.A. Earlier menarche in girls was associated with more depressive symptoms, worse self-reported health, and higher BMI; later menarche was associated with fewer sex partners, less drug use, more physical activity, better self-reported health, and lower BMI during adolescence (Fig. Association between Dietary Patterns and Precocious Puberty in Children Variations in pubertal timing are most likely a combination of genetic differences and environmental factors such as nutrition, exercise, and health conditions. We found that early pubertal timing effects on young adult BMI persist after adjusting for adolescent BMI (for girls but not boys) and situational factors that affect the onset of puberty (e.g., ethnicity, SES factors, education level, father absence, social support), which is consistent with a few longitudinal studies that have robustly tested the effect of pubertal timing on BMI in females. The axis develops during fetal life, is reactivated in the postnatal period during mini-puberty, and then stays quiescent from 2 years of age until around 89 years, with minimally detectable LH concentrations. Finally, theories of life course health and human development suggest that humans pass through sensitive periods in which the social environment can have disproportionate impacts on future health (Halfon & Hochstein, 2002; Hertzman & Boyce, 2010). Cognitive social psychology: The princeton symposium on the legacy and future of social cognition. These trends are less apparent in boys.4. We calculated the hours of sleep per night on weekdays and weekends, and computed a weighted average (i.e., weighing the weekday items by 5/7 and the weekend items by 2/7) to assess sleep duration in a typical day during a week (Maslowsky & Ozer, 2014). On the other hand, some life-course models suggest that childhood experiences may not affect outcomes until later in life, owing to a latency period (Berkman, 2009). Wave I included five additional items: running away from home, lying to parents, driving a car without the owner's permission, shoplifting, and being loud and rowdy in public. Gill D., Brewer C.F., Fabiola Del Greco M., Sivakumaran P., Bowden J., Sheehan N.A. Much has been written about the role . Age of menarche was measured in whole years at Wave I, Wave II, and Wave III. In Waves I and IV, participants completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), which is a short, self-report scale designed to measure depressive symptomatology in the general population, and is also valid for use in adolescent populations (Perreira, Deeb-Sossa, Harris, & Bollen, 2005, Radloff, 1991). the hereditary is an important factor. Descriptive statistics for the analytic sample (n=14, 545). the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. Frontiers | Timing of puberty and school performance: A population 25 Major Factors That Caused or Contributed to the Financial Crisis The physical manifestations of puberty are observable to the developing adolescent, but they are also noticeable to others, and may be compounded by sex or racial/ethnic stereotypes. The results from the above studies show a relationship between extremes of puberty timing and school performance. The site is secure. Hayford S.R. Overall, there was more evidence for the early timing hypothesis than the off-time hypothesis for the effects of boys pubertal timing on adolescent outcomes, with the exception of depressive symptoms (i.e., later maturational timing was associated with more depressive symptoms). Offspring: Human fertility behavior in biodemographic perspective. These cut-offs have been used in previous research with the Add Health sample and others (e.g., (Foster, Hagan, & Brooks-Gunn, 2008)Ge et al., 2001). If it's taking longer to receive payment than your credit terms allow, you're heading for trouble. Another study examined perceived timing relative to peers, and found that girls (and boys) who perceived themselves to be late relative to peers were at risk for body dissatisfaction (de Guzman & Nishina, 2014). What is in our environment that effects puberty? - ScienceDirect Table 1 describes the distribution of pubertal timing, outcomes, and health and demographic covariates in the analytic sample by gender with survey weights (so that estimates are nationally representative). 57 Some environmental factors thought to affect pubertal timing include chronic psychological stress, father absence, and parental conflict. Interestingly, these results persisted in the model with the full set of baseline demographic and adolescent health controls, suggesting that these association between later peer-relative pubertal timing and young adult depressive symptoms hold above and beyond adolescent symptoms and independent of risky behaviors and physical health. For boys, earlier maturational timing was associated with significantly higher antisocial behavior, more sex partners, more drug use, less sleep, and higher BMI; later timing was associated with fewer antisocial behaviors and less drug use, but higher depressive symptoms (Panel 1b). There is substantial evidence that both physical and psychosocial stress affect the onset of puberty. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Advances in pubertal growth and factors influencing it: Can we increase Biro F.M., Greenspan L.C., Galvez M.P. McDade T.W., Chyu L., Duncan G.J., Hoyt L.T., Doane L.D., Adam E.K. Wachter K.W., Bulatao R. National Academies Press; Washington, DC, USA: 2003. Furthermore, although previous research on childhood SES and pubertal timing is mixed (Buttke, Sircar, & Martin, 2012; James-Todd, Tehranifar, Rich-Edwards, Titievsky, & Terry, 2010; Yermachenko & Dvornyk, 2014), it is important to account for how baseline SES predicts long-term health outcomes. A similar pattern of effects was found for peer-relative pubertal timing (Panels 1c-1d). These changes affect body size, shape, and composition and involve the maturation of the reproductive organs and the acquisition of secondary sex characteristics. For instance, the . Cultural perceptions and practices around menarche and adolescent menstruation in the United States. Genetics of pubertal timing - PubMed Procedures for data access and analysis were implemented as approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Fordham University and University of Massachusetts, and in agreement with the sensitive data security plan approved by Add Health data managers. Secular trends towards earlier puberty, possibly caused by new environmental triggers, provide a basis for periodic evaluation of the influence and interaction of genetic and environmental effects on pubertal timing. and transmitted securely. Pubertal timing and adult obesity and cardiometabolic risk in women and men: A systematic review and meta-analysis. 2, Fig. While early-onset puberty may be a stressful experience, it does not generate uniform reactions across girls and boys and may depend on social and cultural factors (Deardorff, Hoyt, Carter, & Shirtcliff, 2019; Morales-Chicas & Graham, 2015; Seaton & Carter, 2017; White, Deardorff, & Gonzales, 2012; White, Deardorff, Liu, & Gonzales, 2013(White et al., 2012)(White et al., 2013)). peer-relative timing). Mark C. Pachucki: Conceptualization, Software, Resources, Data curation, Writing - review & editing, Funding acquisition. Importantly, concurrent effects (i.e., adolescent outcomes) and long-term effects (i.e., young adult outcomes) of pubertal timing could vary. Standardized regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented in Fig. For instance, more mature youth (particularly youth of color) may be perceived by others as more aggressive or violent, and more likely to have academic and social problems than their same-age peers (Carter et al., 2017; Deardorff et al., 2019). Prentice P., Viner R.M. Simpkins S.D., Schaefer D.R., Price C.D., Vest A.E. Puberty: Stages for Boys & Girls - Cleveland Clinic Multiple imputation for missing data: A cautionary tale. Antisocial behaviors were assessed by self-reported frequency of antisocial behaviors over the past 12 months (0=never; 1=1 or 2 times; 2=3 or 4 times; 3=5 or more times). According to Pew Research, only 14 percent of U.S. adults had access to the Internet in . Influences on the onset and tempo of puberty in human beings - PubMed The effect of possible endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on the timing of puberty has also been an ongoing concern.5 Many compounds, including polybrominated biphenyls, bisphenol A, herbicides and phthalates, have been implicated as potential EDCs, responsible for contributing to this observed trend. Adults, peers, and youth themselves may equate visible signs of physical development with social or cognitive maturity, leading to different behavioral expectations or assumptions (Carter, Mustaffa, & Leath, 2017; Mora, 2012). The developmental sequelae of pubertal timing are substantially less well understood in boys than girls. Check the age of your receivables. Namely, girls with later peer-relative timing (i.e., girls who reported looking younger than most of their same-sex peers during adolescence) also reported more depressive symptoms. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of pubertal maturation, and a substantial body of research indicates that variations in pubertal timing have psychological, social, and health consequences (e.g., Mendle et al. Ahlgren, Melbye, Wohlfahrt, & Sorensen, 2004, Tamakoshi, Yatsuya, Tamakoshi, & Group, 2011, Graber, Lewinsohn, Seeley, & Brooks-Gunn, 1998, Weichold, Silbereisen, & Schmitt-Rodermund, 2003, Kuh, Ben-Shlomo, Lynch, Hallqvist, & Power, 2003, Rudolph, Troop-Gordon, Lambert, & Natsuaki, 2014, Kaplowitz, Slora, Wasserman, Pedlow, & Herman-Giddens, 2001, James-Todd, Tehranifar, Rich-Edwards, Titievsky, & Terry, 2010, Perreira, Deeb-Sossa, Harris, & Bollen, 2005, Supplemental Tables A1-A2 (girls) and B1-B2 (boys), Deardorff, Hoyt, Carter, & Shirtcliff, 2019, Goddings, Burnett Heyes, Bird, Viner, & Blakemore, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100549. In this case, we might expect that early or off-time maturation is associated with increased health risk in adolescence but not in young adulthood. Another noteworthy finding was that higher BMI was the most robust risk outcome associated with earlier pubertal timing, and this risk extended into young adulthood. We assessed five key health behaviors: sexual risk-taking, drug use, physical activity, screen time, and sleep. Standardized regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for adolescent health outcomes controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Responses on the three items were averaged and then standardized within each whole number age group so that a higher value represents more advanced development among same-aged boys (i.e., earlier maturation). Mora R. Do it for all your pubic hairs! Latino boys, masculinity, and puberty. Puberty in girls of the 21st century. Early age at menarche associated with cardiovascular disease and mortality. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. Insights on adolescence from a life course perspective. Participants' responses were summed to form the depressive symptoms scale (ranging from 0 30) at Waves I (=.80) and IV (=.84). Self-reported height and weight were used to calculate baseline adolescent BMI because objective measures were not available at Wave I. Standardized regression coefficients and CIs for the young adult health outcomes are presented in Fig. In the majority of cases of precocious puberty, no underlying cause can be identified. Mendle J., Ryan R., McKone K. Age at menarche, depression, and antisocial behavior in adulthood. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Height and weight, measured by trained interviewers at Wave IV, were used to calculate adult BMI (i.e., the ratio of weight in kilograms over height in meters squared). 8600 Rockville Pike Contextual amplification or attenuation of pubertal timing effects on depressive symptoms among Mexican American girls. Puberty is a time of dramatic developmental changes during which a child's body progresses through a sequential set of stages to reach mature adult reproductive function. The current study investigates the broadest known set of social, behavioral, and physical health sequelae related to pubertal timing in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), the most comprehensive nationally representative sample of adolescent development in the United States (U.S.). Interestingly, the links between pubertal timing and screen time remained statistically significant even when controlling for adolescent levels of screen time, suggesting that later maturing boys spend more time in front of screens as young men, independent of their screen time as adolescence. Early puberty, in particular, is associated with adverse health outcomes, including breast and endometrial cancer, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, short stature and even increased mortality.

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