is the antarctic circumpolar current a surface current

FN provided benchmark observation for calibration. The tilt of the isopycnals of the ACC, in response to strong westerlies, serves to thermally isolate the Antarctic continent from directly receiving the overwhelming subtropical ocean surface heat. Elsnab, J., and Monty, J.P.: Sea ice floes dissipate the energy of steep Atmos. An approximation of R(f) for the Akademik Tryoshnikov was calculated solving the equation of motion with a model based on the boundary element method (NEMOH,Babarit and Delhommeau,2015) and taking into account the ship's heading, forward speed, and loading conditions. N., Schnaiter, M., Toffoli, A., Derkani, M., Bukowiecki, N., Stratmann, F., Geophys., 10371064, It does not resolve the wind sea, i.e.the short-wave components directly generated by local winds. Res., 114, C07023, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JC005215, 2009.a, b, Csanady, G.T.: Air-sea interaction: laws and mechanisms, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001.a, Derkani, M., Alberello, A., and Toffoli, A.: Antarctic Circumnavigation Antarctic pack ice, J. Geophys. A schematic of the expedition is presented in Fig.1 and photos of the environmental conditions are reported in Fig.2. This results in stripe-like patterns in the radar images that correspond to the waves (these patterns are known as sea clutters). Its strong winds, intense currents, and fierce waves are critical components of the airsea interface. of the 11th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference (EWTEC2015), September2015, Nantes, France, ID: hal-01198800, 2015.a, Bennetts, L.G., Alberello, A., Meylan, M.H., Cavaliere, C., Babanin, A.V., source BEM solver NEMOH, in: Proc. Res. finite depth. Geophys., 21, e2019GC008440. II, 131, 16, Melville, W.K.: The role of surface-wave breaking in air-sea interaction, An Antarctic Circumpolar Current driven by surface buoyancy forcing Schulz, E., Josey, S., and Verein, R.: First air-sea flux mooring measurements in the Southern Ocean, Geophys. those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). Res.-Oceans, 125, e2019JC015418. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is the major current in the Southern Ocean, isolating the warm stratified subtropical waters from the more homogeneous cold polar waters . More broadly, it refers to the body of water south of the main landmasses of Africa, Australia, and South America, with a northern limit at approximately 40S (see, for example,Young etal.,2020). Mooring design using wave-state estimate from the Southern Ocean, J. What is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current? Under Earths current climate, this aquatic conveyor belt transports warm, salty water from the tropics to the North Atlantic, and then sends colder water back south along the ocean floor. Although the expedition took place during the Austral summer, the data set contains records of severe sea states, in excess of the 90th percentile expected for the season. Lett., 35, 2008.a, Qiao, F., Yuan, Y., Deng, J., Dai, D., and Song, Z.: Waveturbulence Metal Accumulations in Two Extreme-Environment Amphipods, Hadal - MDPI Dong, S., Sprintall, J., Gille, S.T., and Talley, L.: Southern Ocean Dynamics of Pacific Antarctic Circumpolar Current (DYNAPACC) oscillations, J. Fluid Mech., 275, 323349, 1994.. Motion spectra were evaluated by applying a discrete Fourier transform to 5min long time series of heave motion. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. interaction-induced vertical mixing and its effects in ocean and climate Considering the resolution of the image (12m) and the minimum dimension of the sub-area (600m), WaMoS-II can detect wavelengths between 15m and 600m, which correspond to wave periods from 3s to 16s. Circles in the polar plot indicate frequencies from 0.05Hz (innermost) to 0.25Hz (outermost) with a step of 0.05Hz; radiant lines indicate direction with a 30 step. L., Bolas, C., Hartmann, M., Welti, A., Lehtipalo, K., Aemisegger, F., deJong, E., Joubert, W., MacHutchon, K., Messori, G., Mojica, J.F., Time series of Hs derived from the IMU sensor and calibrated Hs from WaMoS-II are shown in Fig.4. Lett., 33, L20605, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027308, 2006.a, Barbariol, F., Benetazzo, A., Bertotti, L., Cavaleri, L., Durrant, T., McComb, P., and Sclavo, M.: Large waves and drifting buoys in the Southern Ocean, Ocean Eng., 172, 817828, 2019.a, b, Babarit, A. and Delhommeau, G.: Theoretical and numerical aspects of the open Due to the scattered nature of satellite data, average values are computed for clusters with spatial resolution of X=Y=0.5 and temporal resolution of t=3h. Further, it attenuates waves, modulating airsea fluxes and mixing (Thomas etal.,2019). Day and time of available measurements can be found in the file Available_Measurements_List.txt, which is included in Alberello etal. They fuel the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (the worlds largest ocean current, e.g.Park etal.,2019), which mixes warm waters descending from the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans with northward cold streams from the Antarctic. Trowbridge, J., Weller, R., Kelley, D., Dever, E., Plueddemann, A., Barth, An alternative name for the ACC is the West Wind Drift. Lett., 37, L05603. Sci. Onorato, M., Saunders, C., Skatulla, S., and Toffoli, A.: Effects of an It is driven by strong westerly winds and creates some of the roughest seas in the world that are notorious to sailors. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11081515, Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. 2023. A vital system of ocean currents in the Atlantic could collapse within a few decades - an event that would be catastrophic for global weather and "affect every person on the planet." Oceanogr., 50, 14171433, 2020.a, b, c, d, Yuan, X.: High-wind-speed evaluation in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Meiners, K.M., Golden, K.M., Heil, P., Lieser, J.L., Massom, R., Meyer, B., and Williams, G.D.: SIPEX-2: A study of sea-ice physical, biochemical and ecosystem processes off East Antarctica during spring 2012, Deep-Sea Res. Lett., 41, 89188925, 2014.a, b, Rodrguez-Ros, P., Corts, P., Robinson, C.M., Nunes, S., Hassler, Findings: IODP Report Blogs and educational resources developed during this expedition The purpose of the Dynamics of Pacific Antarctic Circumpolar Current (DYNAPACC) expedition is to better understand the interactions between the atmosphere, ocean, and frozen waters around the continent of Antarctica. To some extent, the absence of inertial oscillations in climate statistics substantiates the significant current speeds recorded by the WaMoS-II. This condition is normally characterised by a steep profile, which leads to breaking. The densest water in ocean currents is the coldest and saltiest. Stansberg, C., Tamura, H., and Trulsen, K.: Statistical properties of This work is distributed under, Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, Department of Physics, University of Turin, 10125, Turin, Italy, School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, 5005, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, OceanWaveS GmbH, 21339 Lneburg, Germany, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa, Independent Scholar, 6021 Wellington, New Zealand, Oceans and Atmosphere, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 3195, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia. The combined effect of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which cools and sinks near-surface water, and waves, which regulate fluxes and stir the upper ocean, produces a well-mixed layer that extends from about 100m in the summer months to approximately 500m in the winter months (e.g.Dong etal.,2008). Ackley, S. F., Stammerjohn, S., Maksym, T., Smith, M., Cassano, J., Guest, P., Tison, J. L., Delille, B., Loose, B., Sedwick, P., DePace, L., Roach, L., and Parno, J.: Sea-ice MDPI and/or Ocean. A, 315, 509562, 1985.a, b, Dong, S., Gille, S.T., and Sprintall, J.: An assessment of the Southern Ocean mixed layer heat budget, J. Mech., 790, 492522, https://doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.21, 2016.a, Newman, J.N.: Marine hydrodynamics, MIT press, Cambridge, USA, 2018.a, b, Nielsen, U.D.: A concise account of techniques available for shipboard sea Figure11Scatter plot of WaMoS-II surface current speeds against observations derived from satellite sensors. As a consequence, observations of waves in ice are not available in the present database. 109, D13101, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004179, 2004. Its strong winds, intense currents, and fierce waves are critical components of the airsea interface and contribute to absorbing, storing, and releasing heat, moisture, gases, and momentum. Lett., 39, L16606. No special measurements in Europe: applications of WaMoS II as a sensor for sea state, 2023; 11(8):1515. In situ observations of atmospheric and oceanographic properties are scarce due to the remoteness of the region. Open Arch., 15, Li, M., Liu, J., Wang, Z., Wang, H., Zhang, Z., Zhang, L., and Yang, Q.: mixed-layer depth from Argo float profiles, J. Geophys. As always in science, a single study provides limited evidence, but when multiple approaches lead to similar conclusions this must be taken very seriously, he said. The results suggest that the AMOC could collapse any time between now and 2095, and as early as 2025, the authors said. The current moves more water than any other current. a, Zieger, S., Babanin, A.V., Rogers, W.E., and Young, I.R.: Observation-based source terms in the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH, Ocean Model., 96, 225, 2015.a, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1189-2021, Author(s) 2021. It extends from the sea surface to the bottom of the ocean, and encircles Antarctica. Directional Fourier coefficients a and b used to compute the wave directional spreading are as follows: TableA1WaMoS-II output and integrated sea-state-related parameters and their symbol, definition, range, and accuracy. Observations of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current over the Udintsev Fracture Zone, the narrowest choke point in the Southern Ocean, J. Geophys. Overall, the observed median wind speed was 7.25ms1, with an interquartile (IQ) of 5.1ms1. marine radar images for the determination of ocean wave directionality and and Drivers of Marine Isoprene Concentration across the Southern Ocean, The largest biases (ranging between 0.4 and 1.2m) were linked to storm events and are 10% of the in situ-measured values. Montiel, F., Squire, V.A., and Bennetts, L.G.: Attenuation and directional The basic configuration for the X-band radar requires an antenna with rotation speed of 24rpm, horizontal opening angle of 0.9, and radar pulse width of 80ns. Ocean. MHD was partially supported by a PhD top-up scholarship from the Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Collard, F., Ardhuin, F., and Chapron, B.: Monitoring and analysis of ocean The Southern Ocean has a profound impact on the Earth's climate system. Within this band, the strong eastward flow of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) connects each of the ocean basins. Tech., 13, 34873506, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-13-3487-2020, 2020a.a, Landwehr, S., Volpi, M., Derkani, M.H., Nelli, F., Alberello, A., Toffoli, A., Gysel-Beer, M., Modini, R.L., and Schmale, J.: Sea State and Boundary Layer Stability Limit Sea Spray Aerosol Lifetime over the Southern Ocean, Earth Space Sci. Waves Dataset from SAR, Australian Ocean Data Network, https://doi.org/10.26198/5e14142d01539, 2020b.a, Landwehr, S., Thurnherr, I., Cassar, N., Gysel-Beer, M., and Schmale, J.: Using global reanalysis data to quantify and correct airflow distortion bias in shipborne wind speed measurements, Atmos. Ocean. Data of current speed are from the Copernicus GlobCurrent database https://marine.copernicus.eu (last access: 8July2020) that combines the velocity field of geostrophic surface currents from satellite sensors recorded from 1993 to 2019 (Rio etal.,2014) and modelled Ekman currents, which include components from wind stress forcing obtained from atmospheric system and drifter data. V W X Y Z ALL This field describes the major ocean currents found in the ocean basins. Despite being primarily south of the polar front, currents faster than P90 were also recorded in Leg2, primarily in the marginal ice zone. 2023, 11, 1515. Res., 113, C06013, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JC004051, 2008.a, Eayrs, C., Holland, D., Francis, D., Wagner, T., Kumar, R., and Li, X.: (2002), Hessner etal. Inversion of marine radar images for surface wave analysis, J. Figure8 shows scatter diagrams of matching averages at collocated clusters (panels a and b) and geographical distributions of biases (difference between WaMoS-II and satellite observations, panels c and d). Variation of Antarctic circumpolar current and its intensification in These conditions were reported consistently throughout the expedition, with maximum mean directional spreading reaching values as large as 80.

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