what cognitive factors contribute to adolescent risk-taking behavior

Adolescent engagement in dangerous behaviors is associated with increased white matter maturity of frontal cortex. Their summary does not provide much evidence for the hypothesis that cortical thinning reflective of synaptic pruning leads to improved cognitive performance. Clearly, this study does little to confirm superior frontal control in adults. Beyond stereotypes of adolescent risk taking: Placing the adolescent Shaw P, Greenstein D, Lerch J, Clasen L, Lenroot R, Gogtay N, et al. Kreuger RF, Hicks BM, Patrick CJ, Carlson SR, Iacono WG, McGue M. Etiologic connections among substance dependence, antisocial behavior, and personality: Modeling the externalizing spectrum. Download .nbib Lu and Sowell (2009) reviewed what is known about the relation between changes in brain structure during development and performance on cognitive and motor skills. Bullying increased suicide risk: prospective study of Korean adolescents. Early disruptive behavior, poor school achievement, delinquent behavior, and delinquent personality: longitudinal analyses. Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia were positively associated with aggressive behavior at age 14.38 Birth complications, psychosocial adversity, abuse, maladaptive parental behavior, socioeconomic disadvantage, and malnutrition were distal risk factors for aggressive behavior and delinquency, and externalizing symptoms in infancy were described as a mediator.89 Other early factors included: exposure to maternal depressive symptoms at 4-5 years of age, unplanned pregnancy, maternal urinary tract infection during pregnancy, low maternal education, and being born to a single mother. Thus, it seems that one of the more powerful sources of risk taking in adolescence is not associated with deficits in executive function. what biological and cognitive factors contribute to adolescent risk-taking behavior? Despite being older, stronger, and healthier than children, adolescents face twice the risk of mortality and morbidity faced by their younger peers. Giedd, Blumenthal, Jeffries, Castellanos, Liu, Zijdenbos, et al., 1999, Galvan, Hare, Parra, Penn, Voss, Glover, et al., 2006, Nelson, Bloom, Cameron, Amaral, Dahl, & Pine, 2002, Hill, White, Chung, Hawkins, & Catalano, 2000, Caspi, Henry, McGee, Moffitt, & Silva, 1995, Raine, Reynolds, Venables, Mednick, & Farrington, 1998, Williams, Ponesse, Shachar, Logan, & Tannock, 1999, Vaidya, Bunge, Dudukoric, Zalecki, Elliot, Gabrieli, 2005, Shamosh, DeYoung, Green, Reis, Johnson, Conway, et al., 2008, Romer, Betancourt, Giannetta, Brodsky, Farah, & Hurt, 2009, McCormack, Newman, Higley, Maestripieri, & Sanchez, 2009, Caspi, Sugden, Moffitt, Taylor, Craig, Harrington, et al., 2003, Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2006, Romer, Betancourt, Brodsky, Giannetta, Yang, & Hurt, 2009, Raine, Moffitt, Caspi, Loeber, Stouthamer-Loeber, & Lynam, 2005, Finucan, Alhakami, Slovic, & Johnson, 2000, Slovic, Finucane, Peters, & MacGregor, 2002, Eshel, Nelson, Blair, Pine, & Ernst (2007), Izzo, Eckenrode, Smith, Henderson, Cole, Kitzman, et al., 2005, Petras, Kellam, Brown, Muthen, Ialongo, & Poduska, 2008, Wilens, Faraone, Biederman, & Gunawardene, 2003, Rueda, Rothbart, McCandliss, Saccamanno, & Posner, 2005, Fishbein, Hall-Jamieson, Zimmer, von Haeften, & Nabi, 2002, Hornik, Jacobsohn, Orwin, Piesse, & Kalton, 2008, Morrissey, Grabowski, Dee, & Campbell, 2006. We have observed this rise in sensation seeking in national samples of youth ages 14 to 22 (Romer & Hennessy, 2007)(see Figure 4). Adolescent Pregnancy in South Asia: A Pooled Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys. Skinner SR, Marino J, Rosenthal SL, Cannon J, Doherty DA, Hickey M. Prospective cohort study of childhood behaviour problems and adolescent sexual risk-taking: gender matters. One such trait, which can be called acting without thinking, is characterized by hyperactivity without evidence of deliberation or attention to the environment. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The utility of locus of control for predicting adolescent substance use. About 70% of the youth in that cohort reported no binge drinking. 2021;43:210-221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0835, National Library of Medicine Evaluations of the program indicate that children perform better in school and experience fewer psychiatric symptoms, including lower rates of conduct disorder. Longitudinal mapping of cortical thickness and brain growth in normal children. Accessibility At the same time that the adolescent is engaging in novel and risky activities, it is argued that the PFC has not yet matured to the point where risks can be adequately assessed and control over risk taking can be sufficiently exerted to avoid unhealthy outcomes. Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Newman DL, Silva PA. Behavioral observations at age 3 years predict adult psychiatric disorders. A number of studies have focused on the same-sex peer effect on and the developmental difference in adolescent risk-taking in terms of the dual systems model. Individual differences in impulsivity underlie a good deal of the risk taking that is observed during adolescence, and some of the most hazardous forms of this behavior are linked to impulsivity traits that are evident early in development. It should also not be forgotten that medication has been found to be very helpful in reducing impulsive symptoms in children with ADHD. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, risk factors include genetic, biological, environmental and cultural considerations 1. Van Voorhees BW, Paunesku D, Kuwabara SA, Basu A, Gollan J, Hankin BL, et al. A second source of risk is associated with a rise in sensation seeking that results from activation of the ventral striatum (Chambers et al., 2003; Spear, 2009). PDF I. INTRODUCTION A. Psychological Basis of Risk Taking Buhi ER, Goodson P. Predictors of adolescent sexual behavior and intention: a theory-guided systematic review. Finally, in regions related to language skills (the peri-Sylvan left hemisphere), cortical thickening rather than thinning has been associated with increased language skill development (Lu, Leonard, & Thompson, 2007). Kandel DB, Wu P, Davies M. Maternal smoking during pregnancy and smoking by adolescent daughters. Tarter RE, Kirisci L, Mezzich A, Cornelius JR, Pajer K, Vanyukov M, et al. Behavior of boys in kindergarten and the onset of substance use during adolescence. Objective: Understanding the distal ( 6 years of age) and proximal (between 6 years of age and early adolescence) factors in adolescent risk behavior is important for preventing and reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. This study was funded by Coordenao de Aperfeioamento de Pessoal de Nvel Superior (CAPES) scholarship. Kipping RR, Campbell RM, MacArthur GJ, Gunnell DJ, Hickman M. Multiple risk behaviour in adolescence. In this procedure, adolescents are not given full licenses until they have passed a trial period during which they cannot drive at night and must drive with an adult. From the perspective of developmental neuroscience, the use of the affect heuristic is an interesting phenomenon. In reviewing these interventions, it is helpful to distinguish between those that are delivered in childhood versus those that have been successful later during adolescence. Patton JH, Stanford MS, Barratt ES. Farooqi A, Hgglf B, Sedin G, Gothefors L, Serenius F. Mental health and social competencies of 10-to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks of gestation in the 1990s: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study. The site is secure. A review of behavioral and biological correlates of sensation seeking. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. This rise in sensation seeking is remarkably congruent with other age gradients in risk taking, such as arrests for criminal behavior and drug use (see Figure 5) as assessed by the Monitoring the Future Study (Johnston, O'Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2006). government site. On the other hand, there was a small group of youth (3%) who exhibited high rates of binge drinking at age 13 and who persisted in this trajectory until age 18. Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex: Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation. Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Influences of parental monitoring and school connectedness on age at first sexual debut among unmarried female youth in Bedele town, Ethiopia: A survival analysis of timing using accelerated failure time model. de Vries H, Candel M, Engels R, Mercken L. Challenges to the peer influence paradigm: results for 12-13 year olds from six European countries from the European smoking prevention framework approach study. A prospective study of relations between working performance, impulsivity, and risk taking in early adolescents. 2002 Apr;49(2):463-77. doi: 10.1016/s0031-3955(01)00014-1. Annenberg Public Policy Center University of Pennsylvania, The publisher's final edited version of this article is available at. Reynolds A,J, Temple JA. A cross-national comparison of risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use: the United States and Australia. This treatment is then likely to produce non-optimal brain development in children, leading to poor adaption in school and later in adolescence. Meaney MJ. What neuroscience tells us about the teenage brain McCormack K, Newman TK, Higley JD, Maestripieri D, Sanchez MM. Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Although attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder symptoms were associated with smoking in adolescence, this relationship was mediated by school adjustment.68 Using e-cigarettes in the past 30 days was associated with initiation of smoking and daily smoking.69 Water-pipe smoking increased the risk of conventional smoking.70 Barriers to smoking in public places, negative perception of the tobacco industry, and nonsmoking policies were described as proximal protective factors against smoking in adolescence.71 Unlike the majority of literature, De Vries et al.72 concluded that peer smoking was not a predictor of smoking in adolescence, and justified the result as a selection paradigm: adolescents choose friends with similar tobacco-related behaviors. What often looks to others like irrational behavior, risk taking by adolescents can be a rational process (Furby & Beyth-Marom, 1992). Because youth who differ in sensation seeking essentially congregate with similar peers, the effects of their own sensation seeking levels are reinforced by exposure to others through a process of affect transfer. Given that youth of a similar age simultaneously experience the same rise in sensation seeking, this peer effect magnifies the affective attraction to novel and exciting behavior such as drug use. Indeed, in the Philadelphia trajectory study, we are finding that differences in sensation seeking are positively correlated with working memory performance (Romer, Betancourt, Brodsky, Giannetta, Yang, & Hurt, 2009). Delay of gratification in the development of control over risk taking. Adolescent Neurodevelopment of Cognitive Control and Risk-taking in These programs appear to influence cognitive and behavioral skills, such as greater persistence and self-regulation that are inversely related to impulsivity. DeBellis MD, Van Vorhees E, Hooper SR, Gibler N, Nelson L, Hege SG, et al. Mischel W, Shoda Y, Peake PK. Risk taking behavior is higher among boys than girls. Bruno ZV, Feitosa FEL, Silveira KP, Morais IQ, Bezerra MF. Shonkoff JP, Boyce WT, McEwen BS. 2018 Apr 11;15(1):61. doi: 10.1186/s12978-018-0505-8. However, a review of the evidence for the hypothesis that limitations in brain development during adolescence restrict the ability to control impulsivity suggests that any such limitations are subtle at best. Wymbs BT, McCarty CA, Mason WA, King KM, Baer JS, Stoep AV, et al. Future health system developments must ensure general practice has adequate time and support to provide effective preventive adolescent healthcare. Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. The mediational role of neurocognition in the behavioral outcomes of a social-emotional prevention program in elementary school students. Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Top Expert 500+ questions answered The cognitive/neurological processes resulting in sexual risk taking (sober or under the influence of alcohol). Moffitt TE. Hallfors DD, Waller MW, Ford CA, Halpern CT, Brodish BH, Iritani B. Adolescent depression and suicide risk: association with sex and drug behavior. Altered neural substrates of cognitive control in childhood ADHD: Evidence from functional magnetic imaging. Evidence of the effectiveness of this strategy indicates that it reduces crash rates and serious injuries and does so in a manner responsive to the number of restrictions in place in a state (Morrissey, Grabowski, Dee, & Campbell, 2006). Vaidya CJ, Bunge SA, Dudukoric NM, Zalecki CA, Elliott GR, Gabrieli JD. Baer JS, Barr HM, Bookstein FL, Sampson PD, Streissguth AP. Risk Factors and Protective Factors for Adolescent Mental Illness. Ryan SM, Jorm AF, Lubman DI. Tidemalm D, Beckman K, Dahlin M, Vaez M, Lichtenstein P, Lngstrm N, et al. Those activities we enjoy tend to be seen as less risky than those that are actually safer but less affectively pleasant. As expected by research summarized above, parents experiencing stress are likely to pass this experience onto their children in the form of less nurturing care. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help This research should help in developing training exercises that can provide adolescents with the experience they seek while simultaneously reducing the risks they encounter if left to their own devices. Teen Mental Illness Risk Factors & Protective Factors A perhaps more worrisome behavior, physical aggression, was studied by Nagin and Tremblay (1999) in their cohort of male youth in high-risk neighborhoods of Montreal. The detailed results are presented in Table S1, available as online-only supplementary material. One process that emerges early in adolescence is driven by frontostriatal reward circuits involving the ventral striatum (e.g., the nucleus accumbens) (Casey, Getz, & Galvan, 2008; Chambers, Taylor, & Potenza, 2003; Galvan, Hare, Parra, Penn, Voss, Glover, et al., 2006). Wells GA, Shea B, OConnell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. Predicting substance use in late adolescence: results from the Ontario Child Health Study follow-up. Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking. Neurobehavioral disinhibition in childhood predicts early age of onset of substance use disorder. The authors report no conflicts of interest. Berns GS, Moore S, Capra CM. Hockenberry JM, Edward JT, Weg MK. Childhood abuse and neglect: specificity of effects on adolescent and young adult depression and suicidality. It has become evident that adolescents whose parents are highly knowledgeable about their activities are less likely to engage in problem behavior, including sexual risk behaviors,101 violence,96 and substance abuse.47 In the present review, we found that individual protective factors for risk behaviors have been poorly explored. Romer D, Betancourt L, Giannetta JM, Brodsky NL, Farah M, Hurt H. Executive cognitive functions and impulsivity as correlates of risk taking and problem behavior in preadolescents. Finucan ML, Alhakami AS, Slovic P, Johnson SM. These outcomes have been described as the most prevalent risk behaviors in adolescence. The overflowing brain: Information overload and the limits of working memory. Operationally, risk-taking is acting in ways that take chances with one's well-being, pursuing some interest or allure that also offers harmful possibilities. Social contextual risk taking in adolescence - Nature Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: a systematic review. Arnett JJ. Romer D, Betancourt L, Brodsky NL, Giannetta JM, Yang W, Hurt Does adolescent risk taking imply weak executive function? Evans GW, Kim P. Childhood poverty and health: Cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. The literature found in this review was more focused on the factors involved in risk behaviors. Despite the popular characterization of adolescents as impulsive and lacking cognitive control, the evidence regarding such behavior suggests a more nuanced picture. (19). Depending on the nature of those experiences, their timing, and hence their consequences, this customizing of the brain can be viewed as an opportunity, as well as a vulnerability. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Before A 26-year follow-up study of heavy drinking trajectories from adolescence to mid-adulthood and adult disadvantage. Paul C, Fitzjohn J, Herbison P, Dickson N. The determinants of sexual intercourse before age 16. Evidence is sparse on this question, but given the small but significant positive correlation between sensation seeking and IQ (Zuckerman, 1994), it would seem that persons who exhibit stronger sensation seeking drives are no less able to exert executive control over their behavior. Adolescent interventions should be able to counteract the rise in sensation seeking and potentially other forms of impulsivity that emerge during the second decade of life. FOIA Risk factors and correlates of deliberate self-harm behavior: a systematic review. For example, in evaluating the affect attached to smoking, drinking alcohol, and smoking marijuana, judgments of favorable affect and risk are strongly inversely related to each other and form one factor that is strongly related to use of each drug. Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ, Lynskey MT. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Binge drinking trajectories across adolescence: for early maturing youth, extra-curricular activities are protective. In-depth knowledge of the factors associated with adolescent risk behaviors could help prevent them, consequently reducing morbidity and mortality in this age group. Distal and proximal factors in adolescent risk behavior that are not exclusively socioeconomic, familial, environmental, or social should be explored more thoroughly. Indeed, these age trends suggest that adolescents do not uniformly engage in high-risk behaviors and that a major source of adolescent risk taking is present prior to the adolescent period. The affect heuristic. In this paper, I argue that the major sources of adolescent risk taking and impulsive action are of two sorts. the nonmedical conditions in which people are born, mature, work, live, and age, and the broader set of forces and systems that shape the conditions of daily life.106 These nonmedical conditions, such as sustained poverty, low parental education, and family violence, determine patterns that can negatively impact the environment in which children are born, live, and mature, thereby influencing their health, development, and well-being.107-109, Protective factors mediate or moderate the effect of exposure to risk factors, resulting in a reduced incidence of the problem behavior.110 These protective factors for behavior outcomes in adolescence fall into three basic categories: individual traits (positive social orientation, high intelligence, and a resilient temperament), social bonding (warmth, affective relationships, and commitment), and healthy behavior patterns. Strengthened cognitive abilities during adolescence accelerates the acquisition of knowledge and learning of cognitive and emotional skills (Adams, 2005).

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